The History of Information Security
and
INFOSEC / Military History Tourism
Soviet security poster from 1954,
Boltun — Nakhodka dlya vraga!,
equivalent to the WWII Allied
Loose lips sink ships.
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Belgium — Bastogne and the Ardennes Forest
The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 - January 1945
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France — Normandy
The D-Day landing beaches and nearby sites, June 1944
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Germany — Enigma Cryptosystem Design
What did the Germans do wrong in the design and use
of the Enigma cryptosystem?
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Italy — Paestum, south of Salerno
Operation Avalanche: Allied landing of September 1943
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Turkey — Gallipoli
The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915
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UK — Cabinet War Rooms
A visit to the Cabinet War Rooms
and Churchill Museum in London
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UK — Bletchley Park
A visit to Bletchley Park,
north of London
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UK — WWII / Cold War Tunnels at Dover
Tunnels cut into the White Cliffs, originally
dating from the Napoleanic Wars, greatly
expanded and used during World
War II and the Cold War.
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UK — Swingate Chain Home Radar Station
A large radar system used during World War II,
on top of the White Cliffs just outside Dover.
Part of the facility was used throughout
the Cold War to detect and locate nuclear
detonations.
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UK — WWII glider base near Harwell
Used in the D-Day landings in Normandy and
in Operation Market Garden.
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UK — Scapa Flow and the Churchill Barriers
The gigantic natural harbor in the Orkney
Islands used by the Royal Navy in
both World Wars. And, the artificial
defenses constructed in the early 1940s.
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UK — WWII Military Communications Gear
Exhibits in St James Park
in London in June 2005 commemorating the 60th
anniversary of the end of World War II
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USA — New York — The American Black Chamber
MI-8, the US State Department's cryptanalysis
operation between WWI and WWII — What
can be seen today?
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USA — Washington DC — Arlington Hall
US Army Signal Intelligence Service
headquarters during World War II
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USA — Washington DC — Naval Security Station
US Navy OP-20-G
cryptanalysis center during World War II
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USA — National Security Agency museum
A visit to the NSA museum,
outside Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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USA — Historical Electronics Museum
A visit to the
Historical Electronics Museum
near the BWI airport
outside Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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USA — USS Chaumont (AP-5)
A cargo ship continuously crossing the
Pacific before World War II,
and which carried some OP-20-G data.
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USA — Cold War Watchtower DL3-G
The Cold War watchtower DL3-G,
in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, USA —
Used to spot and track Soviet airstrikes
on the midwestern states!
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Some recommended books
Before World War II
As for the history of communication security,
David Kahn's
The Codebreakers
starts with events from our earliest records of military
history, and includes some references to communication
security and the very simple atbash cipher
in the Old Testament.
The Victorian Internet
is a fascinating description of how this late-20th-century
Internet was not the big change in communication.
The real revolution was the development and rapid spread
of telegraph systems in the 1800s.
It was a nearly instantaneous communications network
that had huge changes on governments,
business, and personal lives.
It also had a lot of communications security
issues, and led to a revolution in
cryptography.
These developments greatly agitated governments,
which tried and largely failed to control it to their advantage.
And all this happened in the 1800's!
The Zimmermann Telegram
describes the cryptanalysis of a German cable that brought
the United States into World War I.
Germany was about to resume unrestricted submarine warfare,
and feared that the United States would enter the war once
its passenger and cargo ships started being sunk by German
U-boats.
Germany was making an offer to Mexico: join Germany in the
war, against the U.S., and Germany would see that Mexico
regained the U.S. states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
after America's defeat.
As you might imagine, that did not go over well in the United
States and served to bring the U.S. into the war sooner
rather than later.
The American Black Chamber
is Herbert Yardley's description of American cryptanalysis
from World War I into the 1920s.
I have a travel page showing the Manhattan locations
of Yardley's "Black Chamber" operation.
World War II
David Kahn's
Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break
the German U-Boat Codes 1939-1943
describes the strategic importance of anti-submarine warfare
in the Atlantic, and how the Allies broke the German codes.
Hugh Sebag-Montefiore's
Enigma — The Battle for the Code
describes naval operations to seize Axis crypto gear
and code books.
The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes
was one of the first books to describe the work
done at Bletchley Park.
Click here to see my pictures and description of
a visit to Bletchley Park.
The Secret in Building 26
describes how Joe Desch led the project by NCR (National Cash
Register) in Dayton, Ohio, to build the hardware used to
attack the Axis crypto systems.
Neal Stephenson's
Cryptonomicon
is fiction, more or less, but it is filled with clear
explanations of various components of information security,
and references to actual cryptology of 1935-1945.
For "Electric Till Company"
read "National Cash Register",
and so on.
Alan Turing and other significant
figures appear as characters.
The entire book
Pearl Harbor Revisited:
United States Navy Communications Intelligence,
1924-1941
is available at
navy.mil.
Post World War II
Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security
is about the sensor platforms.
Blind Man's Bluff
describes U.S. Navy fiber tapping operations
on the floor of the Sea of Okhotsk and elsewhere.
Beyond this, it's largely James Bamford's game.
He wrote
The Puzzle Palace
in 1983, and it was the best book about the NSA
because it was the only book about the NSA.
Body of Secrets
came about about twenty years later, an updated and improved
study of the NSA.
A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of
America's Intelligence Agencies
came out in 2005.
Its subtitle shows the basis for his anger
that shows up in this one.
His most recent book is
The Shadow Factory: The NSA from 9/11 to the
Eavesdropping on America.
He's still upset (appropriately, I think) about the
misuse of intelligence agencies by the Executive Branch.
The journal
Antiquity
has had a number of interesting articles, including:
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"Monuments of war: defining England's 20th-century
defence heritage",
C.S. Dobinson, J. Lake & A.J.Schofield,
Antiquity 71(1997): 288-299.
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"The Cold War",
N. James,
Antiquity 76(2002): 664-666.
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"The application of First World War aerial
photography to archaeology: the Belgian images",
Birger Stichelbaut,
Antiquity 80(2006): 161-172
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And specifically on the topic of using satellite
imagery:
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"Declassified satellite photographs and
archaeology in the Middle East:
case studies from Turkey",
David Kennedy,
Antiquity 72(1998): 553-561
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"CORONA satellite photography:
an archaeological application
from the Middle East",
G. Philip, D. Donoghue, A. Beck &
N. Galiatsatos,
Antiquity 76(2002): 109-118.
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"CORONA Satellite Photography and
Ancient Road Networks:
A Northern Mesopotamian Case Study",
Jason Ur,
Antiquity 77(2003): 102-115.
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"Evaluating CORONA: A case study in the
Altai Republic (South Siberia)",
Wouter Gheyle, Raf Trommelmans, Jean Bourgeois,
Rudi Goossens, Ignace Bourgeous,
Alain De Wulf & Tom Willems,
Antiquity 78(2004): 391-403.
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"Evaluation of Corona and Ikonos high
resolution satellite imagery for
archaeological prospection in western Syria",
Anthony Beck, Graham Philip,
Maamoun Abdulkarim & Daniel Donoghue,
Antiquity 81(2007): 161-175.
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"The application of declassified
KH-7 GAMBIT satellite photographs to
studies of Cold War material culture:
a case study from the former Soviet Union",
Martin J.F .Fowler,
Antiquity 82(2008): 714-731.
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"Stereo analysis,
DEM extraction and orthorectification
of CORONA satellite imagery:
archaeological applications from the Near East",
Jesse Casana & Jackson Cothren,
Antiquity 82(2008): 732-749.