Government & Industry Information Security Regulations

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

A U.S. act, issued in final form in 2003, regulates protection for for "EPHI", Electronic Protected Health Information, which is private health information in electronic form.

It becomes a special concern when dealing with health insurance, since that requires the otherwise forbidden linking of three types of sensitive information:
— Personal identity
— Medical information
— Financial information

Useful overviews for infosec people: — http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/hipaa/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIPAA

Sarbanes-Oxley

It's informally known as "Sarbox" or "SOX", or more formally as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002.

It's a U.S. federal law created in response to major corporate and accounting scandals (Enron, Tyco, Peregrine Systems, WorldCom, etc).

The obvious purpose has to do with corporate-level honesty and openness. But the immediate infosec impact has to do with the careful handling of financial and personal information.

Useful overviews for infosec people: — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act
— http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/auditing/

Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Secruity

The Payment Card Industry (PCI), which is pretty much just MasterCard and Visa, has defined the PCI Data Security Standard. This came out of Visa's Cardholder Security Program (CISP) and Account Information Security (AIS), and MasterCard's Site Data Protection (SDP) program.

Merchant Level	Selection Criteria	Validation Action	Validated By
Level One	Any one of: Process more than 6,000,000 transactions per year Any merchant that has suffered an attack that resulted in account data compromise Any merchant identified as Level One by any card association	Annual on-site security audit Quarterly network scan	Audit by either: Independent security assessor Internal audit if signed by company officer Scan by qualified independent scan vendor
Level Two	1,000,000 to 6,000,000 transactions per year	Annual PCI self-assessment questionnaire Quarterly network scan	Scan by qualified independent scan vendor
Level Three	20,000 to 1,000,000 e-commerce transactions per year	Annual PCI self-assessment questionnaire Quarterly network scan	Scan by qualified independent scan vendor
Level Four	Either of: Less than 20,000 e-commerce transactions per year, or Up to 1,000,000 transactions per year	Recommended annual PCI self-assessment questionnaire Recommended annual network scan	Scan by qualified independent scan vendor

For more details see:

PCI Security Standards Council: https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/
MasterCard Site Data Protection Program: http://www.mastercard.com/us/sdp/index.html
Visa Cardholder Information Security Program: http://usa.visa.com/merchants/risk_management/cisp.html

Security auditing in general: — http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/auditing/

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