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\begin{document}

{\sffamily
\begin{flushleft}
{\bfseries Turkish Vowels, Pronouns, Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs}
\end{flushleft}

\footnotesize

\begin{alltt}
                                        a------o      back
                                       /|     /|     -----
                                open  e------\"{o} |    front
                               -----  | |    | |                a/\i --> a/\i
                               close  | \i----|-u                o/u --> u/a
                                      |/     |/                 e/i --> e/i
                                      i------\"{u}                  \"{o}/\"{u} --> \"{u}/e
                                 unround / round
\end{alltt}

\footnotesize

\begin{tabular}{cl}

{\bfseries Nouns} &
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Case} & {\bfseries Application} & {\bfseries Singular} & {\bfseries Plural} \\
\hline
Absolute   & nominative                     & \emph{-}        & \emph{-ler} \\
\hline
Accusative & direct object                  & \emph{-(y)i}    & \emph{-leri} \\
\hline
Genitive   & owner-of, of-X                 & \emph{-(n)in}   & \emph{-lerin} \\
\hline
Dative     & indirect object, motion toward & \emph{-(y)e}    & \emph{-lere} \\
\hline
Locative   & in a place                     & \emph{-de}      & \emph{-lerde} \\
\hline
Ablative   & from/through a place/thing     & \emph{-den}     & \emph{-lerden} \\
\hline
\end{tabular} \\

\\

{\bfseries Pronouns} &

\begin{tabular}{|l||l|l||l|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Absolute /}    & I         & we   & \emph{ben} & \emph{biz} \\
{\bfseries Nominative}    & you       & you  & \emph{sen} & \emph{siz} \\
                          & he/she/it & they & \emph{o}   & \emph{onlar} \\
\hline
{\bfseries Accusative /}  & me         & us   & \emph{beni} & \emph{bizi} \\
{\bfseries Direct object} & you        & you  & \emph{seni} & \emph{sizi} \\
                          & him/her/it & them & \emph{onu}  & \emph{onlar\i} \\
\hline
{\bfseries Genitive /}    & my ...         & our ...  & \emph{benim} & \emph{bizim} \\
{\bfseries Possessive /}  & your ...       & your ... & \emph{senin} & \emph{sizin} \\
{\bfseries Owner of, of-X}& his/her/its ...& their ...& \emph{onun}  & \emph{onlar{\i}n} \\
\hline
{\bfseries Dative /}         & to me         & to us   & \emph{bana} & \emph{bize} \\
{\bfseries Indirect object /}& to you        & to you  & \emph{sana} & \emph{size} \\
{\bfseries motion toward}    & to him/her/it & to them & \emph{ona}  & \emph{onlara} \\
\hline
                     & in me         & in us   & \emph{bende} & \emph{bizde} \\
{\bfseries Locative} & in you        & in you  & \emph{sende} & \emph{sizde} \\
                     & in him/her/it & in them & \emph{onda}  & \emph{onlarda}\\
\hline
{\bfseries Ablative /}    & ... than me & ... than us & \emph{benden} & \emph{bizden} \\
{\bfseries comparison}    & ... than you & ... than you & \emph{senden} & \emph{sizden} \\
                          & ... than it  & ... than them & \emph{ondan} & \emph{onlardan} \\
\hline
                          & this      & these      & \emph{bu} & \emph{bunlar} \\
{\bfseries Demonstrative} & that near & those near & \emph{\c{s}u} & \emph{\c{s}unlar} \\
                          & that far  & those far  & \emph{o}  & \emph{onlar} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\
\\

\begin{tabular}{c}
{\bfseries Adjectival forms} \\
{\bfseries and modifications}
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
\emph{-li}     & with \\
\hline
\emph{-siz}    & without \\
\hline
\emph{-\c{c}i} & the professional \\
\hline
\emph{-(y)ici} & the habitual \\
\hline
\emph{-lik}    & abstract noun formation (\emph{b\"{u}y\"{u}kl\"{u}k} = largeness or size) \\
\emph{-igde}   & ditto... \\
\emph{-ligi}   & ditto... \\
\hline
\emph{-ki}     & abstract adjective formation (\emph{sabahki hava} = morning weather") \\
\hline
\emph{-\c{c}e} & \emph{-ish} or \emph{as for} (\emph{T\"{u}rk\c{c}e} = Turkish, \emph{ben\c{c}e} = as for me) \\
\hline
\emph{-(y)i\c{s}} & add to a verb stem for the noun (\emph{girmek} = to enter, so \emph{giri\c{s}} = entrance) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\
\\



{\bfseries Comparison} &

\begin{tabular}{|l|ll|}
\hline
& Comparison:  use \emph{daha} for \emph{more:} &
\emph{daha b\"{u}y\"{u}k} = bigger (more big) \\
Adjectives & & \emph{daha iyi} = better (more good) \\
and adverbs & Superlative:  use \emph{en} for \emph{most:} &
\emph{en b\"{u}y\"{u}k} = biggest (most big) \\
& & \emph{en iyi} = best (most good) \\
\hline
Nouns &
Use \emph{ablative measure}: &
\emph{benden b\"{u}y\"{u}k} = bigger than me \\
& & \emph{benden iyi} = better than me. \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\
\\


{\bfseries Locations} &

\begin{tabular}{ll}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
\emph{bura-} & here \\
\hline
\emph{\c{s}ura-}  & there (nearby)\\
\hline
\emph{ora-}  & there (far)\\
\hline
\emph{nere-} & where? \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|l|l||l|l||l|l|}
\hline
\emph{burada}     & here   & \emph{buradan}     & from here   & \emph{buraya}     & to here \\
\hline
\emph{\c{s}urada} & there  & \emph{\c{s}uradan} & from there  & \emph{\c{s}uraya} & to there \\
\hline
\emph{orada}      & there  & \emph{oradan}      & from there  & \emph{oraya}      & to there \\
\hline
\emph{nerede?}    & where? & \emph{nereden?}    & from where? & \emph{nereye?}    & to where? \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{tabular}

\\
\\


{\bfseries Question words} &

\begin{tabular}{|l|l||l|l|}
\hline
\emph{ka\c{c}?}   & how much? or how many? & \emph{hangi?}     & which? \\
\hline
\emph{ne?}        & what?                  & \emph{ni\c{c}in?} & why? \\
\hline
\emph{kim?}       & who?                   & \emph{ne zaman?}  & when? \\
\hline
\emph{kimin?}     & whose?                 & \emph{nas{\i}l?}  & how? \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\
\\


\begin{tabular}{c}
{\bfseries Possession} \\
\emph{owner{\bfseries (n)in} owned{\bfseries X}} \\
where \emph{\bfseries X} is replaced by:
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|l|l||l|l|}
\hline
\emph{-(i)m} & \emph{-(i)miz} & owned by me        & owned by us \\
\emph{-(i)n} & \emph{-(i)niz} & owned by you       & owned by you all \\
\emph{-(s)i} & \emph{-leri}   & owned by he/she/it & owned by them \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{tabular}

\normalsize
}

\end{document}

