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\begin{document}

{\sffamily
\begin{flushleft}
{\bfseries Turkish Verbs}
\end{flushleft}
\footnotesize

\begin{flushleft}
{\bfseries Modification}
\end{flushleft}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Meaning} & {\bfseries Suffix} & {\bfseries Use} \\
\hline \hline
Negative & \emph{-me-} & For general tense only, add \emph{-mez} \\
\hline
        & \emph{-n-}  & Stems ending in vowels \\
Passive & \emph{-il-} & Stems ending in consonants other than \emph{l} \\
        & \emph{-in-} & Stems ending in \emph{l} \\
\hline
          & \emph{-dir-} & Most verbs \\
Causative & \emph{-t-}   & Stems ending in a vowel \\
          & \emph{-it-}  & Stems ending in \c{s} or \c{c} \\
\hline
Reflexive & \emph{-in-} & ... to yourself \\
\hline
Mutual action & \emph{-i\c{s}-} & ... to each other \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{l l}

\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline
\emph{g\"{o}rmek} & to see \\
\emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}\c{s}mek} & to see one another or to converse \\
\emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}\c{s}\"{u}lmek} & to be conversed about \\
\emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}\c{s}t\"{u}rmek} & to make to converse with one another \\
\emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}\c{s}t\"{u}r\"{u}lmek} & to be made to converse with one another \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline
\emph{giymek }           & to wear clothes \\
\emph{giyinmek }         & to dress oneself \\
\emph{giyindirmek }      & to dress someone else \\
\emph{giyindirilmek }    & to be dressed by someone else \\
\emph{giyindirildirmek } & to be forced to be dressed by someone else \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{tabular}


\begin{flushleft}
{\bfseries Conjugation}
\end{flushleft}

\begin{enumerate}

\item
Drop \emph{-mek} from the infinitive to get the stem.

\item
Modify for meaning, as above

\item
Select the tense and append something:\\
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Tense} & {\bfseries Append} & {\bfseries Meaning} \\
\hline
\hline
Present & \emph{-(i)yor} & Actions happening right now -- \emph{I am writing (now).}\\
\hline
General (Aorist) & \emph{-(i)r-} & Things generally true -- \emph{I am a writer.} \\
\hline
Future & \emph{-(y)ecek-} & Actions that will happen \\
\hline
mi\c{s}-past & \emph{-mi\c{s}-} & Present state caused by past action,\\
	& & or things the speaker is reporting without having seen. \\
\hline
di-past & \emph{-di-} & Both simple past -- \emph{did} -- and past perfect --
	\emph{have done} \\
\hline
Necessity & \emph{-meli-} & Actions that must, or should, be taken \\
\hline
Conditional & \emph{-se-} & If .... (with non-simple moods, expresses \\
	& & unfulfilled conditions, hopeless wishes of the past, etc.) \\
\hline
Subjunctive & \emph{-e-} & No statement of fact, things that might happen
	or have happened \\
	& & (with non-simple moods, expresses unfulfillable past wishes, \\
	& & or quotes of those expressions) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\item
Select the mood and append something:\\
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|c|}
\hline
{\bfseries Mood} & {\bfseries Append} & {\bfseries Conjugation pattern} \\
\hline \hline
Simple & \emph{-} & I (mostly) \\
\hline
Past & \emph{-idi-} & II \\
\hline
Conditional & \emph{-ise-} & II \\
\hline
Past conditional & \emph{-idi- + -isi-} & II \\
\hline
Inferential & \emph{-imi\c{s}-} & I \\
\hline
Inferential conditional & \emph{-imi\c{s}- + -ise-} & II \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\item
Apply the appropriate conjugation ending:\\
\begin{tabular}{c c c}

\begin{tabular}{|c|l l|}
\hline
	& \emph{-im}    & \emph{-iz} \\
Type I	& \emph{-sin}   & \emph{-siniz} \\
	& \emph{-(dir)} & \emph{-(dir)ler} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|c|l l|}
\hline
	& \emph{-m} & \emph{-k} \\
Type II	& \emph{-n} & \emph{-niz} \\
	& \emph{-}  & \emph{-ler} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|c|l l|}
\hline
	 & \emph{-eyim} & \emph{-elim} \\
Type III & \emph{-eyin} & \emph{-esiniz} \\
	 & \emph{-e}    & \emph{-eler} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{tabular}

\item
Entire pattern:\\
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|r|r|r|}
\hline
 & Simple & Past & Conditional & Past conditional & Inferential & Inferential conditional \\
\hline
\hline

Present          & -(i)yor + I  & -(i)yordi + II  & -(i)yorse + II  & -(i)yordise + II     & -(i)yormi\c{s} + I & -(i)yormi\c{s}se + II \\

\hline
General (aorist) & -ir + I      & -irdi + II      & -irse + II      & -irdise + II         & -irmi\c{s} + I        & -irmi\c{s}se + II \\

\hline
Future           & -ecek + I    & -ecekti + II    & -ecekse + II    & -ecektiyse + II      & -ecekmi\c{s} + I      & -ecekmi\c{s}se + II \\

\hline
mi\c{s}-past     & -mi\c{s} + I & -mi\c{s}ti + II & -mi\c{s}se + II & -mi\c{s} idiyse + II & -mi\c{s} imi\c{s} + I & -mi\c{s} \ imi\c{s}se + II \\

\hline
di-past          & -di + II     & -diydi + II     & -diyse + II     & -di idiyse + II      & -----                 & ----- \\

\hline
Necessity        & -meli + I    & -meliydi + II   & -----          & -----                & -meliymi\c{s} + I     & ----- \\

\hline
Conditional      & -se + I      & -seydi + II     & -----          & -----                & -seymi\c{s} + I       & ----- \\

\hline
Subjunctive      & -e + III     & -edi + II       & -----          & -----                & -eymi\c{s} + I        & ----- \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{enumerate}

\begin{tabular}{c c}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Participles} & & \\
\hline
Present      & \emph{-en}      & \emph{g\"{o}ren} = seeing (right now) \\
Aorist       & \emph{-ir}      & \emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}r} = seeing (in general) \\
Future       & \emph{-ecek}    & \emph{g\"{o}recek} which-will-be-seen \\
mi\c{s}-past & \emph{-mi\c{s}} & \emph{g\"{o}rm\"{u}\c{s}} = seen \\
di-past      & \emph{-dik}     & \emph{g\"{o}r\"{u}lmedik} = extraordinary (unseen) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|l l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Imperative} & \\
\hline
\emph{---}    & \emph{---}      \\
\emph{-[y]in} & \emph{-[y]iniz} \\
\emph{-sin}   & \emph{-sinler}  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\

\begin{tabular}{|l l|}
\hline
{\bfseries To be} & {\bfseries -- past pos} \\
\hline
\emph{idim} & \emph{idik}   \\
\emph{idin} & \emph{idiniz} \\
\emph{idi}  & \emph{idiler} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{|l l|}
\hline
{\bfseries To be} & {\bfseries -- past neg} \\
\hline
\emph{de\u{g}ildim} & \emph{de\u{g}ildik}   \\
\emph{de\u{g}ildin} & \emph{de\u{g}ildiniz} \\
\emph{de\u{g}ildi}  & \emph{de\u{g}ildiler} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

&

\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\hline
{\bfseries Ability (to be able to ...)} \\
\hline
Append this to the stem:\\
\emph{-[y]ebilmek}\\
with \emph{bilmek} conjugated some way \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\\

\end{tabular}


\normalsize
}

\end{document}

